Apparatus and method for welding with AC waveform

ABSTRACT

A welder power supply and welding method are provided which utilizes a short arc welding method in which the waveforms have a positive polarity portion and negative portion to optimize heat input and provide heat and current control.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The present invention generally relates to improvement in spatter andheat input in welding systems of the general type described in each ofU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,215,100 and 7,304,269, the entire disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

Devices, systems, and methods consistent with the invention relate towelding, and more specifically to devices, systems and methods forwelding and clearing a short circuit.

Description of the Related Art

In electric arc welding, it is generally known that welding in anelectrode negative state can result in a lower overall heat input duringa welding operation. For example. It is generally known that GMAW typewelding can be done with a short arc transfer waveform in an electrodenegative state. However, it has been noticed that when a short circuitoccurs in the electrode negative state and is cleared using a negativepolarity an arc instability or spatter event can occur. That is, forexample, during certain pulse periods, especially in applications wherethe welding electrode operates very close to the workpiece, molten metalcontacts the workpiece before being entirely released from the advancingwire electrode. This creates a short circuit (a.k.a., a short) betweenthe advancing wire electrode and the workpiece. It is desirable toeliminate or clear the short rapidly to obtain the consistencyassociated with proper pulse welding. However, clearing a short canresult in undesirable spatter being generated. Such spatter causesinefficiencies in the welding process and can result in molten metalbeing spattered over the workpiece which may have to be removed laterusing a grinding tool, for example.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional, traditional, andproposed approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art,through comparison of such approaches with embodiments of the presentinvention as set forth in the remainder of the present application withreference to the drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention is a welding apparatusand method having or using a welding power converter which outputs anytype of welding current where there is a risk of the electrode touchingthe plate or puddle and arc-reignition would occur in the negativepolarity. The welding power converter provides the welding waveform toan electrode and at least one workpiece to weld the at least oneworkpiece. Also included is a short circuit detection circuit whichdetects a short circuit event between the electrode and the work piece,and an AC welding module which changes the polarity of the current ofthe DC electrode negative waveform from negative to positive after thedetection of the short circuit event. After the current changes topositive the welding power converter outputs a short clearing current toclear the short circuit event and after the short circuit event iscleared, the AC welding module changes the polarity of said current frompositive to negative, and without the detection of the short circuitevent the current is maintained as a DC electrode negative weldingwaveform.

A welding system includes a welding power converter configured toreceive an input power and output a welding waveform to a weldingelectrode for a welding operation on a workpiece; a short circuitdetection circuit which detects a short circuit event between saidelectrode and said work piece and detects a short clearing event betweensaid electrode and said work piece; and a controller having a timer,where said timer begins at the detection of said short clearing event,where said controller has a first duration and a second duration,wherein said welding waveform comprises: a short circuit clearingportion which is initiated after the detection of said short circuitevent; an arc generation portion which is initiated after detection ofsaid short clearing event, where said arc generation portion has a peakcurrent which is maintained for said first duration; and a shortpromotion portion which promotes contact between said welding electrodeand said workpiece, where said short promotion event is initiated aftersaid second duration. Said short circuit clearing portion has a peakcurrent level in the range of 300 to 600 amps. A current level at atransition from said short circuit clearing portion to said arcgeneration portion is in the range of 0 to 75 amps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and/or other aspects of the invention will be more apparent bydescribing in detail exemplary embodiments of the invention withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example embodiment of anelectric arc welding system incorporating a switching module in awelding current return path;

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of an example embodiment of a portion ofthe system of FIG. 1, including the switching module in the weldingcurrent return path;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example embodiment of theswitching module of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a first example embodiment of a methodfor preventing spatter in an electric arc welding process using thesystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a conventional pulsed output currentwaveform resulting from a conventional electric arc welder that does notuse the switching module of FIGS. 1-3 in accordance with the method ofFIG. 4;

FIG. 6 illustrates the exploding spatter process discovered using highspeed video technology in a free-flight transfer process having atethered connection;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an output current waveform resultingfrom the electric arc welder of FIG. 1 that does use the switchingmodule of FIGS. 1-3 in accordance with the method of FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of another example embodiment of a methodfor preventing spatter in an electric arc welding process using thesystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of an output current waveform resultingfrom the electric arc welder of FIG. 1 that uses the switching module ofFIGS. 1-3 in accordance with the method of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an additional welding system inaccordance with an additional exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention which is capable of performing AC welding and capable ofswitching current from negative to positive in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a welding waveform which can begenerated by the system in FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a short clearing portion of a waveformin accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a voltage and current welding waveformin accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a voltage and current welding waveformin accordance with a further exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a current welding waveform inaccordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of an additional voltage and currentwelding waveform in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a voltage and current welding waveformin accordance with an additional exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a voltage and current welding waveformin accordance with an another exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a voltage and current welding waveformin accordance with a further exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described below byreference to the attached Figures. The described exemplary embodimentsare intended to assist the understanding of the invention, and are notintended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Like referencenumerals refer to like elements throughout.

During an arc-welding process, when the distance between the tip of theelectrode and the workpiece is relatively small, molten metal may betransferred via a contact transfer process (e.g., asurface-tension-transfer or STT process) or a free-flight transferprocess (e.g., a pulsed welding process) with a tethered connection. Ina contact transfer process, a molten metal ball on the tip of thewelding electrode makes contact with the workpiece (i.e., shorts) andstarts to “wet into” the molten puddle on the workpiece before themolten metal ball begins to substantially separate from the tip of theelectrode.

In a free-flight transfer process, the molten metal ball breaks free ofthe tip of the electrode and “flies” across the arc toward theworkpiece. However, when the distance between the tip of the electrodeand the workpiece is relatively short, the molten metal ball flyingacross the arc can make contact with the workpiece (i.e., short) while athin tether of molten metal still connects the molten metal ball to thetip of the electrode. In such a tethered free-flight transfer scenario,the thin tether of molten metal tends to explode, causing spatter, whenthe molten metal ball makes contact with the workpiece as illustrated inFIG. 6 herein, due to a rapid increase in current through the tether.This can especially be the case when welding in a DC electrode negative(DCEN) state. Therefore, aspects of the present invention address thisissue by clearing any short circuit in a positive polarity, when thewelding waveform is a DCEN type waveform.

Turning now to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exampleembodiment of an electric arc welding system 100 incorporating aswitching module 110 in a welding output return path and providingwelding outputs 121 and 122. The system 100 includes a power converter120 capable of converting an input power to a welding output power. Thepower converter 120 may be an inverter-type power converter or achopper-type power converter, for example. The system 100 furtherincludes a wire feeder 130 capable of feeding a welding electrode wire Ethrough, for example, a welding gun (not shown) that connects thewelding electrode wire E to the welding output 121. The wire feeder 130is capable of both advancing the wire and retracting the wire quickly.That is, the wire feeder can have a controller (such as known wirefeeders) that can both advance and retract the wire as commanded ordesired by the welding operation. The advancement and retraction can becontrolled by the controller in the welding power supply or an externalcontroller as needed. Such systems are known and need not be describedin detail herein.

The system 100 also includes a current shunt 140 (or similar device)operatively connected between the power converter 120 and the weldingoutput 121 for feeding welding output current to a current feedbacksensor 150 of the system 100 to sense the welding output currentproduced by the power converter 120. The system 100 further includes avoltage feedback sensor 160 operatively connected between the weldingoutput 121 and the welding output 122 for sensing the welding outputvoltage produced by the power converter 120. As an alternative, theswitching module 110 could be incorporated in the outgoing weldingcurrent path, for example, between the power converter 120 and thecurrent shunt 140, or between the current shunt 140 and the weldingoutput 121.

The system 100 also includes a high-speed controller 170 operativelyconnected to the current feedback sensor 150 and the voltage feedbacksensor 160 to receive sensed current and voltage in the form of signals161 and 162 being representative of the welding output. The system 100further includes a waveform generator 180 operatively connected to thehigh speed controller 170 to receive command signals 171 from the highspeed controller 170 that tell the waveform generator how to adapt thewelding waveform signal 181 in real time. The waveform generator 180produces an output welding waveform signal 181 and the power converter120 is operatively connected to the waveform generator 180 to receivethe output welding waveform signal 181. The power converter 120generates a modulated welding output (e.g., voltage and current) byconverting an input power to a welding output power based on the outputwelding waveform signal 181.

The switching module 110 is operatively connected between the powerconverter 120 and the welding output 122 which is connected to thewelding workpiece W during operation. The high speed controller 170 isalso operatively connected to the switching module 110 to provide aswitching command signal (or a blanking signal) 172 to the switchingmodule 110. The high speed controller 170 may include logic circuitry, aprogrammable microprocessor, and computer memory, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, thehigh-speed controller 170 may use the sensed voltage signal 161, thesensed current signal 162, or a combination of the two to determine whena short occurs between the advancing electrode E and the workpiece W,when a short is about to clear, and when the short has actually cleared,during each pulse period. Such schemes of determining when a shortoccurs and when the short clears are well known in the art, and aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,269, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The high-speedcontroller 170 may command the waveform generator 180 to modify thewaveform signal 181 when the short occurs and/or when the short iscleared. For example, when a short is determined to have been cleared,the high-speed controller 170 may command the waveform generator 180 toincorporate a plasma boost pulse (see pulse 750 of FIG. 7) in thewaveform signal 181 to prevent another short from occurring immediatelyafter the clearing of the previous short.

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of an example embodiment of a portion ofthe system 100 of FIG. 1, including the switching module 110 in thewelding current return path. The power converter 120 may include aninverter power source 123 and a freewheeling diode 124. The weldingoutput path will have an inherent welding circuit inductance 210 due tothe various electrical components within the welding output path. Theswitching module 110 is shown as having an electrical switch 111 (e.g.,a power transistor circuit) in parallel with a resistive path 112 (e.g.,a network of high power rated resistors).

During a pulse period of the welding waveform, when no short is present,the electrical switch 111 is commanded to be closed by the switchingcommand signal 172 from the high speed controller 170. When theelectrical switch 111 is closed, the electrical switch 111 provides avery low resistance path in the output welding return path, allowingwelding current to freely return to the power converter 120 through theswitch 111. The resistive path 112 is still present in the weldingoutput return path, but most of the current will flow through the lowresistance path provided by the closed switch 111. However, when a shortis detected, the electrical switch 111 is commanded to be opened by theswitching command signal 172 from the high-speed controller 170. Whenthe electrical switch 111 is opened, current is cut off from flowingthrough the switch 111 and is forced to flow through the resistive path112, resulting in the level of the current being reduced due to theresistance provided by the resistive path 112.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example embodiment of theswitching module 110 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The switching module 110includes the transistor circuit 111 and the resistor network 112 asshown. The switching module 110 may include a circuit board for mountingthe various electrical components of the module 110 including thetransistor circuit 111, the resistor network 112, LEDs, and status logiccircuitry, for example.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a first example embodiment of a method400 for preventing spatter and clearing a short in a pulsed electric arcwelding process using the system 100 of FIG. 1, and commonly used whenthe short is cleared in the same polarity as welding. Step 410represents operation where the switch 111 of the switching module 110 isnormally closed (no short condition). In step 420, if a short is notdetected, then the switch 111 remains closed (no short condition).However, if a short is detected then, in step 430, the switch 111 iscommanded to go through an opening and closing sequence during the shortinterval (i.e., the time period over which the electrode is shorted tothe workpiece).

The opening/closing sequence in step 430 starts by opening the switch111 when the short is first detected. The switch 111 remains open for afirst period of time (e.g., a first 10% of the short interval). Thisdecreases the output current quickly so the short does not break rightaway causing a large amount of spatter. After the first period of time,the switch is again closed and the output current is ramped during asecond period of time to cause the molten short to begin to form anarrow neck in an attempt to break free from the electrode and clear theshort. During this second period of time, as the current is ramping, adv/dt detection scheme is performed to anticipate when the short willclear (i.e., when the neck will break). Such a dv/dt scheme is wellknown in the art. The switch 111 is then opened again just before theshort is about to clear (e.g., during the last 10% of the shortinterval) in order to quickly lower the output current once again toprevent excessive spattering when the neck actually breaks (i.e., whenthe short actually clears).

In step 440, if the short (short between the electrode and theworkpiece) is still present, then the switch 111 remains open. However,if the short has been cleared then, in step 450, the switch 111 is againclosed. In this manner, during a short condition, the switch 111 goesthrough an opening/closing sequence and the current flowing through thewelding output path is reduced when the switch is open, resulting inreduced spatter. The method 400 is implemented in the high-speedcontroller 170, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Furthermore, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, the system 100 is able to react at a rate of 120 kHz (i.e.,the switching module 110 can be switched on and off at this high rate),providing sufficient reaction to detection of a short and detection ofthe clearing of the short to implement the method 400 in an effectivemanner.

In accordance with a somewhat simpler alternative embodiment, instead ofgoing through the opening/closing sequence described above with respectto FIG. 4, the current of the welding circuit path is decreased, inresponse to detection of a short between the advancing wire electrodeand the workpiece, by opening the switch 111 for at least a determinedperiod of time, thus increasing the resistance in the welding circuitpath. For most pulse periods, the determined period of time is of aduration allowing for the short to clear without having to firstincrease the current of the welding circuit path. During a given pulseperiod, if the short clears before the determined period of time hasexpired as desired, then the process proceeds to the next part of thepulse period. However, if the short does not clear within thepredetermined period of time then, immediately after the determinedperiod of time, the switch 111 is closed again, causing the current ofthe welding circuit path to once again increase and clear the short. Insuch an alternative embodiment, the switch 111 is simply opened for atleast part of the determined period of time in response to the detectionof the short. In most pulse periods, the current does not have to beincreased to clear the short.

Furthermore as an option, when the short between the advancing wireelectrode and the workpiece is detected, a speed of the advancing wireelectrode can be slowed. Slowing the speed of the advancing wireelectrode helps to clear the short more readily by not adding as muchmaterial to the short as otherwise would be added. To slow the speed ofthe advancing wire electrode, a motor of a wire feeder advancing thewire electrode may be switched off and a brake may be applied to themotor. The brake may be a mechanical brake or an electrical brake, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a conventional pulsed DCEN outputcurrent waveform 500 resulting from a conventional pulsed electric arcwelder that does not use the switching module 110 of FIGS. 1-3 inaccordance with the method 400 of FIG. 4, or the simpler alternativemethod described above, and where the short is cleared in the samepolarity as the welding waveform. As can be seen from the waveform 500of FIG. 5, after a peak pulse 510 is fired, a short may occur startingat time 520, for example, that lasts until time 530, for example whenthe short is cleared. The times 520 and 530 define a short interval 540.As can be seen in FIG. 5, peak pulses 510 are fired at regular intervalsduring the multiple pulse periods or cycles of the welding process.During any given cycle or pulse period, a short condition may or may notoccur. In a conventional system, when a short occurs, there is verylittle resistance in the welding output path compared to the inductance.Current continues to flow even if the power source is turned off.

Referring again to FIG. 5, during the short interval 540, the outputcurrent tends to increase due to the lack of an arc between theelectrode E and the workpiece W (the resistance becomes very low), anddue to the fact that the welding circuit inductance 210 acts to keepcurrent flowing in the welding output path, even when the powerconverter 120 is phased back to a minimum level. The current tends toincrease until the short is cleared (i.e., until the molten metal shortbreaks free of the electrode E). However, at such increased currentlevels, when the short breaks or clears, the increased current levelstend to cause the molten metal to explode causing spatter.

FIG. 6 illustrates the exploding spatter process that was discoveredusing high speed video technology in a free-flight transfer processhaving a tethered connection. A high peak pulse (e.g., 510) causes aball of molten metal 610 to push out towards the workpiece W creating anarrow tether 620 between the ball 610 and the electrode E. As the ball610 flies toward the workpiece W across the arc, the tether 620 narrowsand, eventually, a short occurs between the electrode E and theworkpiece W through the tether 620. This condition tends to occur foralmost every pulse period in an operation where the welding electrodeoperates very close to the workpiece. In particular, it was discoveredthat for a free-flight transfer pulse welding process, the tether 620creates an incipient short and a large amount of current can begin toflow through the narrow tether 620. The increasing current level finallycauses the relatively thin molten tether 620 to explode creating spatter630 as shown in FIG. 6. However, by incorporating the switching module110 and the method 400 (or the simpler alternative) as described aboveherein, the spatter 630 that is created can be greatly reduced.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a pulsed output current waveform 700resulting from the pulsed electric arc welder 100 of FIG. 1 that usesthe switching module 110 of FIGS. 1-3 in accordance with the method 400of FIG. 4, but still where the short is cleared in the same EN polarityas the waveform 700. As can be seen from the waveform 700 of FIG. 7,after a peak pulse 710 is fired, a short may occur starting at time 720,for example, that lasts until time 730, for example when the short iscleared. The times 720 and 730 define a short interval 740. As can beseen in FIG. 7, peak pulses 710 are fired at regular intervals duringthe multiple pulse periods or cycles of the welding process. During anygiven cycle, a short condition may or may not occur. However, when thedistance between the tip of the electrode and the workpiece isrelatively small, a short can occur on almost every cycle.

Referring again to FIG. 7, during the short interval 740, the switch 111of the switching module 110 is opened when the short first occurs andagain when the short is about to clear, causing the output current toflow through the resistive path 112 and, therefore, causing the currentlevel to reduce. As an example, the switching signal 172 may be a logicsignal that goes from high to low when a short is detected, causing theswitch to open. Similarly, when the short is cleared, the switchingsignal 172 may go from low to high to close the switch 111 again. Whenthe switch 111 is opened, the resistive path 112 puts a load on thewelding output path allowing the freewheeling current to drop quickly todesired levels. The current tends to reduce until the short is clearedand, at such reduced current levels, when the short breaks or clears,the molten metal tends to pinch off in an unexplosive manner,eliminating or at least reducing the amount of spatter created. Also, inthe waveform 700 of FIG. 7, the plasma boost pulse 750, which is used tohelp prevent another short from occurring immediately after the shortthat was just cleared, is more prominent and potentially more effective.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of another example embodiment of a method800 for preventing spatter in a pulsed electric arc welding processusing the system 100 of FIG. 1, and where the short is cleared in thesame polarity. In accordance with an embodiment, the method 800 isperformed by the controller 170. The high speed controller 170 tracksthe times of occurrence of the shorts and/or the clearing of the shortsand provides an estimate of when the short interval 940 (the timebetween the occurrence of a short and when the short is cleared) (seeFIG. 9) will occur during at least the next pulse period. From thisestimate, a blanking interval 960 (see FIG. 9) can be determined whichis used to generate the blanking signal 172.

In step 810 of the method 800, the system 100 detects the occurrence ofshorts and/or the clearing of those shorts during the repeating pulseperiods of the pulsed welding waveform, according to known techniques.In step 820, the time of occurrence of the detected shorts and/orclearings within the pulse periods are tracked (e.g., by the high-speedcontroller 170). In step 830, the location and duration of the shortinterval 940 (see FIG. 9) for a next pulse period is estimated based onthe tracking results. In step 840, an overlapping blanking interval 960for at least the next pulse period is determined based on the estimatedlocation of the short interval for the next pulse period. In step 850, ablanking signal (a type of switching signal) 172 is generated (e.g., bythe controller 170) to be applied to the switching module 110 during thenext pulse period.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a pulsed output current waveform 900resulting from the pulsed electric arc welder 100 of FIG. 1 that usesthe switching module 110 of FIGS. 1-3 in accordance with the method 800of FIG. 8, but is shown in an electrode positive state. It is understoodthat although the current waveform is shown in an electrode positivestate for waveform 900, the following discussion can equally apply in anelectrode negative state. As can be seen from the waveform 900 of FIG.9, after a peak pulse 910 is fired, a short may occur starting at time920, for example, that lasts until time 930, for example when the shortis cleared. The times 920 and 930 define a short interval 940. As can beseen in FIG. 9, peak pulses 910 are fired at regular intervals duringthe welding process. During any given cycle, a short condition may ormay not occur. However, during a welding process where the arc length isrelatively short (i.e., where the wire electrode is operated relativelyclose to the workpiece), shorts can occur in almost every pulse period.

In accordance with the method 800, the times of occurrence of the shortand/or clearing of the short within the pulse period are determined andtracked from pulse period to pulse period. In this manner, thecontroller 170 may estimate the location of the short interval that willlikely occur in the next or upcoming pulse periods. However, at thebeginning of a pulsed welding process, before any substantial trackinginformation is available, the location of the short interval may be astored default location based on, for example, experimental data orstored data from a previous welding process. The blanking signal 172 canbe adapted or modified to form a blanking interval 960 within theblanking signal 172 which temporally overlaps the estimated shortinterval 940 for the next pulse period(s). Ideally, the blankinginterval 960 starts shortly before the short interval 940 of the nextpulse period (e.g., before the time 920) and ends shortly after theshort interval 940 of the next pulse period (e.g., after the time 930),thus the temporal overlap. In one embodiment, only the times ofoccurrence of a short are tracked, not the clearing of the shorts. Insuch an embodiment, the duration of the blanking interval is set to lastlong enough for the short to clear, based on experimental knowledge.

In this manner, the actual occurrence of a short during the next pulseperiod does not have to be detected before the switch 111 of theswitching module 110 can be opened. As the pulsed welding processprogresses, the location of the short interval may drift or change asthe distance between the wire electrode and the workpiece drifts orchanges, for example. However, in this embodiment, since the location ofthe short interval is being tracked over time, the location of theblanking signal can be adapted to effectively follow and anticipate theshort interval. By opening the switch 111 during the blanking interval960, the current drops and it is expected that the tether will occur andbreak during the blanking interval 960.

Experimental results have shown that, using the switching module 110 asdescribed herein in a particular pulsed welding scenario, the weldingoutput current level at the point of clearing the short can be reducedfrom about 280 amps to about 40 amps, making a tremendous difference inthe amount of spatter produced. In general, reducing the current below50 amps seems to significantly reduce spatter. In addition, travelspeeds (e.g., 60-80 inches/minute) and deposition rates are able to bemaintained.

Other means and methods of reducing the welding output current levelduring the time period when a short is present between a weldingelectrode and a workpiece are possible as well. For example, in analternative embodiment, the control topology of a welding power sourcemay be configured to control the output current to a highly regulatedlevel during the time of the short. The power source can control theshorting current to a lower level (e.g., below 50 amps) during ashorting interval to reduce the spatter. For example, referring to FIG.1, the switching module 110 can be disabled or eliminated, allowingcurrent to freely flow in the welding output circuit path. Thecontroller 170 is configured to command the waveform generator 180 tomodify a portion of the output welding waveform signal 181 of thewelding process during the blanking interval to reduce the weldingoutput current through the welding output circuit path. Therefore, inthis alternative embodiment, the controller 170 reduces the currentduring the blanking interval through the waveform generator 180 and thepower converter 120, instead of via the switching module 110. Such analternative embodiment can work quite well if the inductance 210 of thewelding circuit is sufficiently low.

In summary, an electric arc welder and a method for performing a pulsewelding process producing reduced spatter are disclosed. The welderproduces a current between an advancing electrode and a workpiece. Thewelder includes a short-detecting capability for detecting a shortcondition upon occurrence of a short circuit between the advancingelectrode and the workpiece. The welder is controlled to reduce thecurrent between the advancing electrode and the workpiece during thetime of the short to reduce spatter of molten metal when the shortclears.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for reducingspatter in a pulsed arc-welding process. The method includes trackingtimes of occurrence of short intervals during pulse periods of a pulsedarc-welding process using a controller of a welding system. The trackingmay be based on at least one of detecting occurrences of shorts duringpulse periods of the pulsed welding process and detecting clearing ofshorts during pulse periods of the pulsed welding process. The methodfurther includes estimating a temporal location of a short interval forat least a next pulse period of the pulse welding process based on thetracking. The method also includes determining a blanking interval forat least a next pulse period based on the estimating. The method mayfurther include generating a blanking signal for at least a next pulseperiod based on the blanking interval. The method may further includeincreasing a resistance of a welding circuit path of the welding systemduring the blanking interval in response to the blanking signal toreduce a welding current through the welding circuit path during theblanking interval. Increasing the resistance may include opening anelectrical switch of a switching module disposed in the welding circuitpath. In accordance with an embodiment, the electrical switch is inparallel with a resistive path within the switching module. The methodmay include reducing a welding current through a welding circuit path ofthe welding system during the blanking interval for at least a nextpulse period by modifying a portion of a waveform of the welding processduring the blanking interval, wherein the waveform is generated by awaveform generator of the welding system. In accordance with anembodiment, the blanking interval is temporally wider than andtemporally overlaps an expected short interval of at least a next pulsedperiod.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a system for reducingspatter in a pulsed arc-welding process. The system includes acontroller configured for tracking times of occurrence of shortintervals during pulse periods of a pulsed arc-welding process of awelding system. The controller is further configured for estimating atemporal location of a short interval for at least a next pulse periodof the pulsed welding process based on the tracking. The controller isalso configured for determining a blanking interval for at least a nextpulse period based on the estimating. The controller may also beconfigured for generating a blanking signal for at least a next pulseperiod based on the blanking interval. In accordance with an embodiment,the blanking interval is temporally wider than and temporally overlapsan expected short interval of at least a next pulse period. The systemmay further include a switching module disposed in a welding circuitpath of the welding system and operatively connected to the controller.The switching module is configured to increase a resistance of thewelding circuit path of the welding system during the blanking intervalin response to the blanking signal to reduce a welding current throughthe welding circuit path during the blanking interval. The switchingmodule includes an electrical switch and a resistive path in parallel.The controller may be configured for commanding a waveform generator ofthe welding system to reduce a welding current through a welding circuitpath of the welding system during the blanking interval for at least anext pulse period by modifying a portion of a waveform of the weldingprocess during the blanking interval. The controller may further beconfigured to detect occurrences of shorts during pulse periods of thepulsed welding process, and to detect occurrences of clearing of shortsduring pulse periods of the pulsed welding process.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for reducingspatter in a pulsed arc-welding process. The method includes detecting ashort during a pulse period of a pulsed arc-welding process using acontroller of a welding system. The method further includes increasing aresistance of a welding circuit path of the welding system for a firstperiod of time to reduce a welding current through the welding circuitpath in response to detecting the short. The method also includesdecreasing the resistance of the welding circuit path of the weldingsystem for a second period of time immediately after the first period oftime to increase the welding current through the welding circuit path.The method further includes increasing the resistance of the weldingcircuit path of the welding system for a third period of timeimmediately after the second period of time to reduce the weldingcurrent through the welding circuit path in anticipation of clearing theshort. Increasing the resistance may include opening an electricalswitch of a switching module disposed in the welding circuit path.Decreasing the resistance may include closing an electrical switch of aswitching module disposed in the welding circuit path. The method mayfurther include detecting that a short has cleared, and decreasing theresistance of the welding circuit path of the welding system in responseto detecting that the short has cleared.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for reducingspatter in a pulsed arc-welding process. The method includes detecting ashort between a workpiece and an advancing wire electrode during a pulseperiod of a pulsed arc-welding process using a controller of a weldingsystem. The method further includes decreasing a current of a weldingcircuit path of the welding system for at least a portion of adetermined period of time in response to detecting the short wherein,during most pulse periods of the pulsed arc-welding process, thedetermined period of time is of a duration allowing for the short toclear without having to first increase the current of the weldingcircuit path. Decreasing the current may include increasing a resistanceof the welding circuit path. Increasing the resistance may includeopening an electrical switch of a switching module disposed in thewelding circuit path, wherein the switching module includes theelectrical switch in parallel with a resistance path. The method mayfurther include increasing the current of the welding circuit path ofthe welding system immediately after the determined period of time ifthe short has not cleared. Increasing the current may include decreasinga resistance of the welding circuit path. Decreasing the resistance mayinclude closing an electrical switch of a switching module disposed inthe welding circuit path, wherein the switching module includes theelectrical switch in parallel with a resistance path. The method mayfurther include slowing down a speed of the advancing wire electrode inresponse to detecting the short between the electrode and the workpiece.Slowing down the speed of the advancing wire electrode may includeswitching off a motor of a wire feeder advancing the wire electrode andapplying a brake to the motor. The brake may be a mechanical brake or anelectrical brake, in accordance with various embodiments.

It is noted that although the above discussion is generally related toclearing short circuit in the same polarity as the welding waveform,whether it be DCEN or DCEP, the similar logic and control methodologycan be used in embodiments of the present invention, where the weldingwaveform is a DCEN waveform but the short circuits are cleared in a EPstate. This will be further described below relative to FIGS. 10-12.

FIGS. 10-12 depict a further apparatus and method for pulse welding toachieve improved performance, spatter control and heat input.Specifically, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 10-12 utilize a DCENwelding waveform, where the short circuits are cleared in an EP state,which will be described in more detail below.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a welding system 1000 whichis similar in construction and operation of the systems 100 describedherein in that the system 1000 is capable of using pulse welding(including the embodiments discussed herein) to weld a workpiece W. Thesystem 1000 has similar components as discussed above including thewaveform generator 180, power converter/inverter 120, shunt 140,switching module 110, high speed controller 170, voltage feedback 160,current feedback 150, etc. However, this exemplary embodiment alsoutilizes an AC welding module 1010. The module 1010 is constructed andconfigured to be able to provide an AC welding signal to the workpieceduring welding, or at least change the polarity of the welding signalwhen desired, such as during short circuit events. In the system 1000shown in FIG. 10 the module 1010 is shown as a separate component fromthe power converter/inverter 120 and can, in fact, be a separate modulewhich is coupled to a power supply external to a housing of the powerconverter/inverter 120. However, in other exemplary embodiments themodule 1010 can be made integral with the power converter/inverter 120such that they are within a single housing. As with the embodimentsdescribed above, the power converter/inverter 120 can be any type ofknown power supply module used for welding applications which is capableof output a welding signal, and as shown can include at least onetransformer. The configuration of the AC welding module 1010 as shown inFIG. 10 is intended to be exemplary and embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited to using the shown configuration, but othercircuits can be used to provide an AC welding signal as described below.The module 1010 shown in FIG. 10 is similar in construction to the ACwelding circuit described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,100 which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and more specificallyas described in relation to FIG. 4 of the incorporated patent. Becausethe operation and construction of this circuit is discussed in detail inthe incorporated patent that discussion will not be repeated herein, asit is incorporated by reference. However, for the sake of clarity thewaveform generator/controller 180 as shown in FIG. 10 can embody thecontroller 220 shown in FIG. 4 of the U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,100.Furthermore, even though the high-speed controller 170 is shown as aseparate module than the controller 180, in other embodiments thehigh-speed controller 170 can be made integral with the controller 180.Also, as shown in FIG. 10, in some embodiments the current feedback 150can be coupled directly to the controller 180 so that this feedback canbe used by the controller 180 for the control of the module 1010, asgenerally described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,100.

In some exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the switchingmodule 110 may not be present in embodiments utilizing an AC module1010. This because the switches Q1 and Q2 can be utilized in a similarfashion as the switching module 110 described above. That is theswitches Q1 and/or Q2 can be controlled in a similar way, during aconstant polarity portion of the waveform, such that the switchingmodule 110 is not utilized.

As shown in FIG. 10, the module 1010 has two switches Q1 and Q2 whichare used to control current flow through the inductor L1 such that theflow of current through the electrode E and work piece W can becontrolled in such a way that the polarity of the signal can be reversedduring welding. Specifically, the flow of current can be controlled bythe switches Q1 and Q2 such that the electrode E is positive during someof the welding waveform and then switched to being negative for theremainder of the waveform. When the switch Q1 is closed and the switchQ2 is open the current flow is such that the electrode E has a positivepolarity, and when the switch Q2 is closed and the switch Q1 is open theelectrode E has a negative polarity. The snubbers 1011 and 1013 are usedin a similar fashion to the resister 112 described above, and can beused to implement an STT type circuit control.

Other AC welding power supplies and AC welding circuits can be employedwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As shown in FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 of the present application, pulse weldingcan be performed when the entire weld form has one polarity (typicallypositive). This means that the current flow in a single directionthroughout the welding process. As explained earlier, when welding inone polarity it may be advantageous to clear a short circuit in theopposite polarity. This is especially true when the welding waveform isa DCEN waveform and a short circuit event occurs. It has been discoveredthat there are advantages to clearing the short circuit in an electrodepositive mode.

FIG. 11 depicts a current waveform 1100 in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention. As can be seen the waveform 1100 isprimarily a DCEN waveform. The waveform shown in this example is anexemplary pulse welding waveform, but any other type of DCEN weldingwaveform can be employed, including but not limited to a surface tensiontransfer (STT), or any other waveform that can weld in a DCEN mode. Thiswaveform is shown for exemplary purposes.

The waveform 1100 has a background current level 1101 and a plurality ofpulses 1110 each having a peak current level 1103. As shown, after thepulses 1110 a shorting event occurs 1105 in which a short circuitcondition occurs (or is about to occur) between the electrode and theworkpiece. In embodiments of the present invention, when the shortcircuit event occurs, or is detected, the power supply (for example, asdescribed in FIG. 10) switches polarity from DCEN to EP before the shortclearing function is implemented. Thus, as shown, at the short circuitevent the polarity of the waveform 1100 switches from EN to EP such thatthe short interval 1123 occurs when the waveform is in the EP state.Once in the EP state, the power supply can clear the short using anyknown short clearing pulse 1120 or function. For example, a standardshort circuit clearing function can be utilized. Alternatively, as shownin FIG. 11 a boost pulse or plasma boost pulse 1121 can be implementedafter the short has cleared to provide further burn back of theelectrode, as desired. The use of a boost pulse or plasma boost pulseafter clearing a short is known and need not be described in detailherein.

Once the short clearing pulse 1120 or function has been completed in theEP state, the power supply switches polarity of the waveform 1100 fromEP to EN and the DCEN waveform 1100 resumes. For example, as shown thebackground current 1101 is reached and held until the next pulse 1110 istriggered. The switching of the current polarity can be accomplished bythe system shown in FIG. 10, for example. Of course, other powersupplies capable of welding in an AC mode can be utilized to implementembodiments of the invention.

As explained previously, it has been discovered that sometimes when ashort is cleared in an EN state this can cause excessive spatter. Thiscan be due to the jet forces pushing up on the electrode as the shortclears in EN. It has been determined that clearing a short in a EP stateresults in a more stable clearing of the short as well as less spatter.

Aspects of the present invention can be implemented in different ways,which will be briefly described below. That is, in some exemplaryembodiments the change from negative to positive polarity can occur ator after the short circuit occurs (physical contact between theelectrode and the puddle) or it can occur before the actual shortcircuit occurs. In the first example, the power supply detects the shortcircuit by monitoring the voltage and/or current. Such monitoring anddetection is generally known. When the short circuit is detected thepower supply switches polarity of the current and drives the current inan EP state until such time the short is cleared and the welding arc isre-established. When the arc is re-established the power supply switchespolarity again to return to the DCEN waveform 1100. In the otherexemplary embodiments, the power supply can use a premonition circuit(generally known) which can monitor dv/dt for example, and when a shortcircuit event is determined to be occurring imminently the power supplycan switch polarity of the waveform 1100 from EN to EP to clear theshort circuit. For purposes of the present application the detection ofa short circuit event includes the detection of an actual short circuitstate or the determination of an imminent short circuit event throughthe use of a premonition circuit (or the like). Thus, embodiments of thepresent invention can use either detection of a short circuit event totrigger the switch of polarity.

As explained above, the short clearing in the EP state can be done inany number of ways so long as the short is cleared before the waveform1100 returns to the EN state. FIG. 12 is an exemplary representation ofa short clearing event in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. As shown, the short circuit detection event occurs at point1105 (whether it is an actual short circuit or premonition of a shortcircuit about to occur), after the short circuit detection event thepower supply (for example in FIG. 10) drives the current from an ENstate to an EP state as shown. In the example shown the current isdriven to a first current level 1123 to establish an arc sufficient toignite the welding arc and to begin clearing the short circuit, forexample to begin the necking down of the electrode. After the firstcurrent level 1123 the current is driven to a second current level 1125while the short is being cleared, where the second current level 1125 isless than the first current level 1123. In this embodiment the lowersecond current level will aid in preventing the creation of too muchspatter as the short clears at point 1107. In some exemplaryembodiments, after the short clears 1107 the waveform can be driven backto an EN state. However, in the embodiment shown a boost pulse 1121 isutilized to burn back the electrode and ensure arc stabilization beforereturning to the EN state, where the current peak for the boost pulse1121 is higher than either of the first or second current levels. Insome exemplary embodiments, the current is returned to EN after theboost pulse 1121. However, as shown in FIG. 12 in other exemplaryembodiments an arc stabilization period 1127 is implemented in which thecurrent remains EP for a duration while the arc and weld puddlestabilizes before the current is returned to the EN state. In someexemplary embodiments the arc stabilization period is in the range of0.5 to 5 ms. In other exemplary embodiments the range can be longer ifneeded. Further, in some exemplary embodiments, the current level of thearc stabilization period is the same as the current level of thebackground portion 1101 of the EN waveform 1100. For example, if thebackground 1101 level is −40 amps, the current level for the period 1127will be +40 amps. In other exemplary embodiments, the current level forthe arc stabilization period 1127 is in the range of 85 to 120% of thebackground current 1101 level. In such embodiments, the stabilizationperiod 1127 can also be used to aid in the control of heat input intothe weld during welding. That is, the current level can be adjusted toensure that a sufficient and/or stable heat input is into the weld. Byvarying this current level, the power supply can use the EPstabilization period 1127 to control an aspect of the heat input intothe weld. Additionally, the duration of the period 1127 can be adjustedby the power supply (for example in FIG. 10) so that the heat input iscontrolled as desired. For example, if it was desired to increase theheat input into the weld, the power supply can increase the currentlevel and/or duration of the period 1127 to increase the heat input intothe weld. Further, in other exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention, the current level for the period 1127 is less than that ofthe background level 1101 and is in the range of 75 to 95% of thebackground level. (For example, if the background level is −50 amps, therange would be +37.5 to +47.5 amps). In such embodiments, the heat inputfrom the period 1127 is kept minimal to the extent it is desired tomaintain a low heat input.

As explained previously exemplary embodiments of the present inventionare not limited to using the current waveforms or welding processesdiscussed above, and other welding processes can be utilized. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 13 a constant voltage type waveform can beused, where the majority of the waveform is in the negative polaritywhile the short clearing is in the positive polarity. As shown, thevoltage waveform 1300 have a peak 1303 and background 1301 voltage thatare in the negative polarity but when a short circuit detection event isdetected the voltage and current are changed to a positive polarity fora short circuit clearing portion 1305 (voltage) and 1315 (current). Inthe exemplary embodiment shown a plasma boost portion (1309 and 1319) isimplemented after the short circuit is cleared. Of course, in otherexemplary embodiments the plasma boost may not be utilized, or otherpost short clearing functions can be used. The transition from negativeto positive current can be implemented as described above.

As described above, various methods can be used to detect or determinethe short circuit event, including known methods of detecting orpredicting short circuit events. For example, some exemplary embodimentscan use a detected arc power and/or arc voltage to determine when ashorting event is about to occur, or has already occurred. In exemplaryembodiments, a threshold value for voltage and/or power can be set sothat when the detected voltage or power surpasses the voltage and/orpower threshold the change in polarity is initiated. For example, insome embodiments, the threshold voltage and/or power levels are selectedbased on a desired arc length. This will ensure that the polarityswitches when the arc length is at or near a desired arc length prior toswitching. In some exemplary embodiments, the desired arc length is inthe range of 0.2 to 0.5 mm. This method of control can be desirable insome embodiments as when using a negative polarity the arc force pushesup on the consumable harder than on the puddle and thus the arc lengthwill grow quickly. By detecting and utilizing the instantaneous powerand/or voltage and comparing that to a threshold value—which correspondsto a switching arc length—the polarity can be switched at a desiredpoint. The threshold power and/or voltage values can be set based onvarious input parameters related to the welding process and operation,including user input information, and the power supply/controller usinga look-up table, or the like, can set the desired polarity switchingpower and/or voltage values. It should be noted that in embodiments ofthe present invention a short circuit event or a short circuit detectionevent as described herein can be either the detection of the actualshort circuit or the prediction of an imminent short circuit using themethodologies described herein. Further, as discussed herein a shortclearing event or short circuit clear event can mean either the actualdisconnection of the consumable from the puddle or the determination ofan imminent clearing or separation of the consumable. Again, the shortclearing event can be detected using the methods described above todetect the short circuit event, for example, using voltage, dv/dt, etc.For example, detection of the presence or reignition of an arc—whichindicates separation can be used and encompassed in a short clearingevent. Such detection methods and circuits are known to those of skillin the art. In exemplary embodiments herein the same short circuitdetection circuit (which are known) can be used to detect the shortclearing event. Again, such circuits are known and their structure andoperation need not be described in detail herein.

In other exemplary embodiments the power supply can also utilize acircuit to detect or determine the ratio dj/dt (change of output joulesover the change of time) for the welding waveform and when the detectedrate of change reaches a predetermined threshold the power supplyswitches from negative to positive polarity. For example, when utilizinga negative pulse welding waveform a large molten ball is created at theend of the electrode during each pulse. The dj/dt detection circuit(which can be constructed similar to a di/dt or dv/dt circuit, and useknown circuit configurations) can exist in the controller 170 and/or thegenerator 180 and can be used to predict the size of the molten ball orthe proximity to a short circuit event and when the detected dj/dt ratioreaches a predetermined threshold or value the current is switched fromnegative to positive polarity. In exemplary embodiments, the dj/dtpredetermined threshold or value is determined in the controller 170based on input information related to the welding operation and ispresent before the welding operation begins and the actual dj/dt ratiois compared to this threshold to determine when the current should beswitched from negative to positive polarity. In exemplary embodiments ofthe present invention, the dj/dt ratio can be associated with therelative size of the molten ball on the end of the electrode such thatwhen the dj/dt threshold is reached the molten ball is ready fortransfer from the electrode to the puddle, but the ball has not yet madecontact with the puddle. Thus, before ball transfer the polarity of thecurrent switches from negative to positive but stays at a low currentlevel so that the droplet can move towards the puddle and touch thepuddle with a relatively low arc force. Once the molten ball contactsthe puddle, then the controller initiates a short clearing function inthe positive polarity and once the short clearing function is completedswitches the polarity back to negative. By using a low current levelafter switching to positive polarity the ball transfer can occur in apositive polarity with a low arc force to provide a stable andcontrolled droplet transfer. In some exemplary embodiments, the lowcurrent level after switching positive is in the range of 5 to 100 ampsand this current level is maintained until the droplet makes contactwith the puddle, at which time a short clearing function is implemented.In other exemplary embodiments, the current is in the range of 5 to 40amps.

Further exemplary waveforms that can be used with exemplary systemsdescribed and incorporated herein are shown in FIGS. 14 through 19described below. The exemplary waveforms discussed below can be createdby the exemplary systems and control methodologies discussed above, aswell as discussed in the incorporated patents above—namely U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,215,100 and 7,304,269, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Further, thedisclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 8,373,093 is also incorporated herein in itsentirety. The exemplary waveforms described herein and below can be usedas needed to control heat input into welding operations, as well asprovided desired weld penetration without compromising quality of theweld. The waveforms and welding methodologies will be discussed in turn.It should be noted that the waveforms described below can be used in anynumber of welding type operations, such as GMAW, and can be used withvarious types of consumables, such as solid, flux cored, and metal coredwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Turning now to FIG. 14, an exemplary voltage 1410 and current 1420waveform is shown. In some respects the current waveform 1420 is similarto a known STT type welding waveform, which is known. For example, anexemplary STT type waveform is shown in at least FIGS. 7 and 8 of theabove reference '100 Patent and FIG. 1A of the '093 Patent referencedabove (along with their respective accompanying discussions). Because ofthis incorporated references, the details of an STT type waveform willnot be described herein. However, in exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention, the waveform 1420 can be used to appreciably reduceheat into a welding operation, and thus allow for thinner materials tobe welded, as well as other advantages obtained from having a reducedheat input. As shown in FIG. 14, this is accomplished by breaking theSTT pulse into two different polarities, where a negative peak andtailout current are used to reduce heat input. As with typical STT thecurrent has a background current level (shown at A) which heats themolten ball at the end of the electrode. As the molten ball makescontact with the puddle and begins to short the current level is dropped(at point B) so as to allow the ball to wet into the puddle. After thecurrent level drop at B a positive pinch current is used at point C toallow the ball to pinch off from the electrode. As the pinch pointapproaches the current level is dropped again—at point D—to a level toallow the ball separation to occur without significant spatter. Thislevel can be below the background current level. This is, again, similarto known STT type processes as described in the patents incorporatedherein. In known STT waveforms once the arc is re-established during thelow current level at point D a peak current pulse is initiated. However,unlike those known systems, in current exemplary embodiments astabilization current phase is initiated—see E. Thus, in exemplaryembodiments, rather than immediately pulsing the current, a low positivecurrent level is maintained, for a predetermined duration t to allow thearc to stabilize before the peak current pulse is initiated at anopposite polarity than the pinch current pulse C. This predeterminedduration t allows the arc to reach a stabilized state before a change ofpolarity is initiated, and can be predetermined by the controller/CPU ofthe welding power supply based on input parameters of a given weldingoperation. For example, the predetermined duration can be determinedbased on the electrode type, wire feed speed, peak current level, travelspeed, etc. Using this information, a look-up table can be used todetermine the stabilization duration t. In exemplary embodiments, thestabilization duration t is in the range of 0.05 to 10 ms. In otherexemplary embodiments, the duration t is in the range of 0.1 to 2.5 ms.As shown the stabilization duration begins at point 1421. In exemplaryembodiments, the stabilization duration t begins when the initiation ofthe arc is detected. This can be determined based on the detection of avoltage level—exceeding a voltage threshold level and/or the use ofdv/dt detection, where the rate of change of the voltage can be detectedto determine that an arc has been established. In prior systems, thepoint 1421 is the point at which a peak pulse would have been initiated.However, in the shown exemplary embodiment the duration t is initiated.After the expiration of the duration t, at point 1423, the currentpolarity is changed to initiate the peak current pulse F, and thefollowing tailout G. In this waveform, the peak and the tailout are donein same polarities, but are different from the pinch and backgroundcurrents (see generally A, C, D and E). The peak and tailout serve tocreate separation between the electrode and the puddle and to supplyheat to melt the end of the electrode creating the next droplet readyingit for transfer. By using this opposite polarity a same or similarseparation distance is achieved but with less heating action, thusadding less unwanted heat to the puddle. Thus allowing for the weldingof thinner and more heat sensitive materials. After the tailout period Gthe current is switched back to the opposite polarity at point 1425. Inexemplary embodiments, this switch point is at a predetermined currentswitching level. In some exemplary embodiments, this current switchinglevel can be below 75 amps. In other exemplary embodiments, theswitching current is in the range of 35 to 150 amps. In any event, theswitching current should be at a level such that the switching circuitryis not overheated. The switching current can be predetermined by thewelding system controller using information, such as peak current, etc.from the welding operation. In other embodiments, the switching currentand can be predetermined based on the limitations of the welding systemsuch that the circuitry is not overheated or compromised duringoperation.

It is noted that in the shown embodiment, the current level during theduration t is at the same level as the separation current during phaseD. However, in other exemplary embodiments, this may not be the case.For example, in some embodiments, the stabilization current E can behigher than that of the separation current D, while in otherembodiments, it can be lower. For example, in some exemplary embodimentsthe stabilization current E can be in the range of 5 to 25% higher thanthat of the separation current. Of course other embodiments are notlimited to this and other variations can be used without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the present invention.

FIG. 15 depicts another exemplary embodiment of the present invention,where an exemplary current waveform 1500 is shown. In this embodimentthe overall welding waveform comprises alternating periods of thewaveform. For example, the waveform 1500 can have a first period 1510where the waveform implements at least one single polarity pulse cycle(for example an STT cycle) followed by a period 1520 of the waveform inwhich the alternating polarity cycles are used. For example, in someembodiments, for at least a portion 1510 of the welding waveform 1500 aplurality of positive STT type cycles are performed and for a secondportion 1520 of the waveform 1500 the alternating current STT cycles areused. This embodiment can be used to control the heat input to reach aheat input level as needed. Thus, in exemplary embodiments the overallwaveform 1500 can have alternating periods where the positive period1510 last from 1 to N cycles and the alternating period 1520 lasts for 1to P cycles. The number of cycles determined in each alternating periodcan be determined the power supply controller based on user inputinformation—to attain a level of desired heat input, or can bespecifically determined by the user using a user input device on thepower supply. Further, in some exemplary embodiments the welding systemcan monitor and/or calculate the overall heat input from the weldingoperation and if the detected/determined heat exceeds a threshold levelthe power supply automatically implements a second period of thewaveform comprising a plurality of alternating current cycles asdescribed above. In such a system, the power supply controller cancontinue to monitor and/or determine the heat input and at such time asthe heat drops below a threshold level the power supply can revert backto the single polarity cycle period.

Turning now to FIG. 16, another exemplary welding waveform is depicted.In addition to aiding in the management of heat input, the weldingwaveform shown in FIG. 16 aids in protecting against the occurrence ofmagnetic arc blow during welding, particularly when welding in a rootpass, while providing the desired penetration. It is generally known,that when welding steel, for example steel pipe, the welding arc can bepulled out of the weld joint because of residual magnetism imparted inthe workpiece due to welding in a single polarity. Thus, some weldingtechniques try to use AC type welding waveforms in these applications inan effort to minimize the magnetization. However, these solutions resultin welding waveforms that have decrease heat and thus decreasedpenetration. This is undesirable, particularly in closed root passwelding operations where sufficient heat is required to obtainsufficient and complete penetration. FIG. 16 depicts an exemplaryvoltage and current waveform that can manage heat input, reduce issuesof magnetization and arc below, and yet achieve the desired penetrationneeded for various welding operations, including root pass welding.

As shown in FIG. 16, an exemplary voltage 1610 and current 1620 waveformis shown. Like that discussed above the current waveform 1620 issimilar, in some respects to the above discussed STT type waveform, inthat current is pinched after the short is detected and when the arc isre-ignited a peak pulse is used. However, as shown and discussed below,this exemplary waveform differs in some important respects. For example,in the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the short circuit and thus thetransfer of the droplet from the consumable occurs in the negativepolarity. This is explained more fully below. Like known waveforms thebackground current is in the positive polarity—A. The background currentis at a current level that should promote a short circuit event. Itshould be noted that as used herein “short circuit event can mean eitheran actual short or can also mean the prediction of an imminent short.Exemplary embodiments can use either as a short circuit event and cancontrol the waveform as described herein based on the detection of thethat event. Further, to the extent some of the embodiments herein (withrespect to any waveforms or figures) refers to a short circuit detectionor short circuit prediction, that is not intended to be limiting butintended to simply described a short circuit event. In some exemplaryembodiments, the background current should be below 100 amps, but highenough to sustain an arc. Of course, the current level may varydepending on the wire feed speed, etc. At the detection of the shortcircuit 1621 (when the consumable makes contact with the puddle) thecurrent is driven to a low negative polarity level (droplet engagementlevel) 1622. Thus, while the arc is extinguished due to the short thepolarity is changed. The short can be detected via known detectionmethods. The initial current level B should be relatively low, butenough to allow the droplet to engage with the puddle. In exemplaryembodiments the negative engagement level B is in the range of 35 to 75amps. In other exemplary embodiments, the level is in the range of 40 to65 amps. This engagement level B is maintained for a predeterminedduration of time that allows for sufficient engagement of the droplet tothe puddle. In exemplary embodiments, the duration of the engagementlevel B is in the range of 0.3 to 2 ms. In other exemplary embodiments,this engagement duration is in the range of 0.5 to 1 ms. The engagementduration can be determined by the controller based on user inputs, suchas WFS, peak current, input power, etc. After the engagement periodexpires the negative current is increased C at a first ramp rate to apoint 1623 and then via a second ramp rate D to a peak current level1624. Once the peak current level 1624 has driven the pinch current highenough to re-ignite the arc or for the dv/dt detection to predict arcre-ignition, the output is dropped quickly and (when the desired lowcurrent is reached) the polarity is reversed to a positive pulse Ehaving a peak current level 1625, where, in some exemplary embodiments,the peak positive current level 1625 is less than the peak negativecurrent level 1624. In exemplary embodiments, the negative peak 1624reaches a level that is high enough to clear the short, at whateverlevel is needed and may be larger than the positive peak current 1625.In some exemplary embodiments, the positive peak current 1625 is withinthe range of 50 to 150% of the negative peak current 1624. In furtherexemplary embodiments, the peak current is in the range of 90 to 110% ofthe peak current 1624. Further, the first and second ramp rates (C andD) are each less than the ramp rate used to change the current from thepeak negative point 1624 to the peak positive point 1625. It is notedthat in the shown embodiment the peak positive current level 1625 isless than the negative current peak level 1624. However, in otherexemplary embodiments this may not be the case. In some embodiments, thepeak current 1625 can be determined by a look up table based on weldinginput parameters and the pinch current 1624 is determined by how muchpinch force is required to transfer the droplet, and thus the peak 1625can be higher than the peak 1624 in some scenarios.

As explained above, a first ramp rate C is used to drive the negativecurrent from the droplet engagement level 1622 to a transition level1623. The first ramp rate C is higher than the second ramp rate D.Further, the transition level/point 1623 is at a current level which isin the range of 40 to 150% of the positive peak current level 1625. Inother exemplary embodiments, the transition point 1623 is in the rangeof 50 to 75% of the positive peak current level 1625, while in yetfurther embodiments the point is in the range of 55 to 65% of the peakcurrent 1625. In embodiments, having such a relationship allows for thesmooth clearing of a short. After the transition point 1623 the currentramp rate is slowed to a second ramp rate portion to take the current tothe negative peak 1624. In exemplary embodiments, the negative peak 1624is in the range of 200 to 600 amps, and in some exemplary embodiments isin the range of 275 to 350 amps. In other exemplary embodiments, thecurrent is increased during the second ramp rate phase D until thedetection of an event. In some embodiments, the event is the detectionof the separation of the droplet from the consumable or can be thedetection or determination of imminent separation. For example, apremonition circuit can be used to detect a voltage change or a changein dv/dt which precedes a droplet separation from the consumable. Thus,in some exemplary embodiments, the detection or prediction of an eventtriggers the change in polarity from negative to positive, as shown.This detection event/threshold level can be determined based on weldingparameters. The above described current ramp rate profile allows thedroplet transfer to occur in a controlled manner, while in negativepolarity. In some exemplary embodiments, the arc detection/prediction(via a premonition circuit) event causes the controller to close acurrent reduction device or circuit (which are generally known), andwhen the current drops below a threshold (for example 50 to 100 amps)the polarity is changed.

After the detection/prediction of the droplet separation the current ischanged to a peak positive level 1625 at a fast current ramp rate, asdescribed above. Also, as shown, in the corresponding voltage waveform1610 a voltage spike 1611 occurs during the transition from negative topositive. In exemplary embodiments, this voltage spike is in the rangeof 60 to 90 volts. This voltage spike aids in quickly reestablishing thewelding arc as the current passes from negative to positive (as it isunderstood that the arc is temporarily extinguished as it passes fromnegative to positive) while minimizing explosive risk in the arcpolarity transition. In some embodiments, the voltage spike is anindication that the droplet has separated from the electrode/consumableat the switching of the polarity or at least just prior to the switch.Again, this voltage spike aids in relighting the arc after the currentpasses from the negative to the positive polarity.

The current peak of the positive pulse E is typically maintained for aperiod of time before the current is tailed out to the background leveluntil another short is detected. The duration of the positive peak canbe predetermined in some exemplary embodiments, and be in the range of 1to 5 ms, and in other embodiments can be in the range of 1 to 3 ms. Theduration can be determined based on aspects of the welding operation,such as wire type, shield gas type, WFS, etc. The exemplary embodimentsdescribed above can improve a welding operation by minimizing arc blow,managing heat input and providing optimal weld penetration.Additionally, embodiments as described above improve arc reignitionafter a short circuit without the loss of heat input common to mostvariable polarity processes.

Turning now to FIG. 17, a further exemplary welding waveform is shown.Like the above exemplary embodiments, this depicted embodiment hassimilarities to the STT type waveform discussed above, and it is notedthat the components of the waveform shown in FIG. 17 (and FIGS. 18 and19) serve similar purposes as those discussed above, and thus will notbe repeated here. It is noted that in exemplary embodiments, thewaveform described with respect to FIG. 17 can be used in applications,where the wire feed speed appreciably exceeds 200 ipm, and can be usedin welding operations where the WFS is in the range of 200 to 400 ipm.Of course, other speeds can also be used, but in some embodiments theperformance of the waveform is improved in higher wire feed speedoperations.

As shown in FIG. 17, a voltage 1710 and current 1720 waveforms areshown. These waveforms are exemplary and other embodiments can usesimilarly structure waveforms. In some of the embodiments discussedabove, an event occurs after a detection of a short between the wire andthe puddle. However, in some situations the shorting event may occur atdifferent times depending on the welding process and this can affect therhythm of the welding operation. In the FIG. 17 embodiment a shortdetection threshold time limit is used. As shown, the current is at abackground level 1721 until a short event is detected at point A and thecurrent is dropped to a lower level 1722 after the detection/predictionof the short. The background level can be in the range of 50 to 150amps. The low current level 1722 can be anywhere in the range of 0 to 50amps, as in some embodiments the current can be turned off (0 amps) ormaintained at a low level. In some embodiments, the low level 1722 ismaintained for a duration in the range of 0.2 to 8 ms, and in otherembodiments, the duration of the low level is maintained for a durationof 0.4 to 1.6 ms. After the low current level 1722 the current isincreased to a pinch peak current level 1723, which can be in the rangeof 300 to 500 amps, and is maintained for a duration until dropletseparation is predicted or detected. At separation the current level isdropped quickly to a level 1724 similar to that of the backgroundcurrent 1721. This drop allows the droplet to separate without spatteror a significant explosion event. The current is then increased to asecond peak level or plasma boost level 1725. In exemplary embodiments,the peak current level of the peak level 1725 can be in the range of 300to 500 amps and can be the same peak level as the pinch peak level 1723.In other exemplary embodiments, the peak level 1725 can be higher thanthe level 1723, while in others the peak 1725 can be less than the peaklevel 1723. The peak current 1725 is maintained for a duration and thenis ramped down to the background level 1721 as shown. Further, exemplaryembodiments have a predetermined short detection duration T period. Thisduration is initiated at the ignition of the arc, after the droplet isseparated—at 1724. The detection of the arc can occur with any known arcdetection circuit. For example, the voltage or rate of change of thevoltage can be monitored and used to determine that an arc has beencreated. As these circuits are well known they need not be described indetail herein. This duration is monitored via a timing circuit, timer,etc. within the controller of the welding system. Such timers or timingcircuits are well known and need not be described in detail herein. Thecontroller looks for the detection of a short or the expiration of thepredetermined duration T, whichever occurs first. For example, if theconsumable shorts prior to the expiration of the duration T then a shortclearing function is initiated as described herein. However, if a shortis not detected prior to the expiration of the time period T, then thecurrent is dropped to a level lower 1722′ than the background level1721, after the expiration of the period T (see point B). That is, if ashort does not occur within a predetermined amount of time (period T)the current is dropped to a low level (or turned off) to ensure orpromote that a short event occurs. During the low current 1722′ portionthe current is maintained at the low level until a short event occurs.This low current level aids in preventing the arc from continuallyconsuming the consumable and promotes prompt contact between theconsumable and the puddle. The low current level 1722′ is maintaineduntil a short is detected and then the short clearing can occur asdescribed herein, or via other known methods. Thus, embodiments of thepresent invention ensure that a relatively consistent shorting frequencyoccurs by ensuring that a short occurs in desired intervals. Inexemplary embodiments, the current level 1722′ (initiated after theexpiration of the period T) can be the same as the current level 1722after a short is detected, and in some embodiments can be in the rangeof 0 to 50 amps. In some embodiments, the current can be in the range of0 to 30 amps. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the output powerafter the expiration of the period T can be in the range of 0 to 500watts. However, in other exemplary embodiments, the current level 1722′can be higher, or lower than the level 1722. In either case, once theshort is detected it is cleared as described herein, and the controllerof the system continually monitors the welding process for shorts or theexpiration of the period T, whichever occurs first. It is noted that thetimer or timing circuit described above can be constructed and operatedsimilar to known timing circuits, and thus a detailed discussion of itsstructure and operation need not be described herein.

In exemplary embodiments, the period T is predetermined based on weldinginputs for the welding process. Such inputs can include WFS, consumablediameter, consumable type, peak current, voltage settings, etc. Thecontroller of the welding power supply/system can use these inputs witha look up table, state table, etc. to determine the duration of theperiod T. In exemplary embodiments, the period T can be in the range if8 to 30 ms. In other exemplary embodiments, the period is in the rangeof 12 to 20 ms. Of course, other periods can be used to achieve thedesired performance. As indicated above, embodiments of this type canallow for consistent and rhythmic deposition of the consumable at highWFS, and allow for the creation and efficient transfer of large dropletsto achieve a high transfer/deposition rate.

It is noted that the tailout portion from the peak 1725 to thebackground 1721 can be shaped as needed and desired for a particularwelding operation.

FIG. 18 depicts similar waveforms to those shown in FIG. 17. Because ofthe similarity of the current waveform, like numbers have been used andthe details will not be repeated. However, in this embodiment a wirefeed speed waveform 1810 is shown in which the wire feed speed anddirection is changed in conjunction with the current waveform. That is,in exemplary embodiments the wire/consumable is advanced until such timethat a short circuit is created and confirmed by the power supply. Inexemplary embodiments, this confirmation can be detected by eitherdetecting current and/or voltage of the output signal. In exemplaryembodiments, the short is confirmed at the point the pinch pulse currentreaches its peak (point A). After this point, the wire direction isreversed to a retraction speed B. In exemplary embodiments, the peakretraction speed is less than the advancement speed. However, in otherembodiments, it can be the same, or more. In exemplary embodiments, thepinch force (via the pinch pulse 1723) is maintained until theconsumable reaches its peak reversal speed (point B). After someduration at the peak reversal speed, the current is reduced (asexplained with respect to at least FIG. 17) to point 1724. At about thetime the current is reduced to point 1724 the wire is being pulled outof the puddle (point C). In some exemplary embodiments, the current atpoint 1724 is less than 50 amps, and in some embodiments can be in therange of 0 to 50 amps. Because the wire is being pulled out of thepuddle at a low current level the spatter can be significantly reduced.Also, at point C as the current starts to increase again for the plasmaboost pulse, the wire feed speed is reduced to start advancement of thewire again. In exemplary embodiments, the wire reaches its peakadvancement speed at about the time the plasma boost pulse 1725 reachesits peak current level. This constant advancement and retraction of thewire as described above results in improved welding performance andreduced spatter during welding. In some exemplary embodiments, the wireretraction described above can be used with the duration T describedwith respect to FIG. 17, and in other embodiments can be used when theduration T is not utilized.

FIG. 19 is yet another exemplary waveform of the present invention. Itis known that in some applications the range of short arc welding islimited by physics. That is, when the droplet size reaches about thesize of the consumable other forces within the welding process changethe short arc transfer process to a globular transfer process which cantend to have more spatter and does not short in a predictable manner.Further, in some applications known short arc or STT welding operationstend to result in less than desired penetration of the weldingoperation. Therefore, for certain welding applications it is desirableto use an STT or short arc type transfer method that achieves a desiredlevel of penetration. Embodiments of the present invention canaccomplish this without compromising welding quality by utilizing a highbackground current for a predetermined duration and then reducing thebackground to a low level to induce shorting. This is shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 19 depicts each of an exemplary voltage 1910 and a current 1920waveform. Again, like other exemplary embodiments discussed herein, theideology of this embodiment is similar to that of STT and short arc, andcan be implemented on known power supplies capable of creating STT orshort arc type waveforms. Further, exemplary embodiments can be used onwelding applications with high wire feed speeds, such as in the range of200 to 400 ipm. Additionally, utilization of the waveforms discussedherein can be done with a 100% CO2 shielding gas, which is cheaper thanshielding gases used for other short arc welding applications. Inexemplary embodiments, the average current of the waveform 9120 is inthe range of 200 to 300 amps and the average voltage is in the range of25 to 35 volts. Further, because of the structure of the waveform(discussed more below) the shorting frequency of the exemplary waveformscan be in the range of 15 to 60 hertz, and in other embodiments is inthe range of 20 to 30 hertz. Additionally, the droplet size realizedusing the exemplary waveforms described herein is resembles globulartransfer (using a short event to transfer), but at a higher penetrationthan that achieved by STT or traditional short arc transfer.

Like other waveforms discussed herein, after a shorting event A, a pinchcurrent pulse 1921 is initiated. The pinch pulse 1921 is used to aid inpinching off the droplet after it shorts to the puddle. The pinch pulse1921 can have a peak current in the range of 300 to 600 amps. As thedroplet is about to break off the current is reduced to a low level 1922(in the range of 0 to 75 amps) to avoid an explosive separation of thedroplet. After the droplet separates, the arc is reignited and thecurrent is increased to a pulse peak level 1923 which is less than thepeak of the pinch pulse 1921. In exemplary embodiments, the peak level1923 is in the range of 250 to 300 amps. In some exemplary embodiments,the peak level 1923 is in the range of 60 to 85% of the highest currentlevel for the pinch pulse 1921. In other exemplary embodiments, the peakcurrent level 1923 is in the range of 65 to 80% of the highest currentlevel for the pinch pulse. This peak current level 1923 is maintainedfor a predetermined period of time T1, which can be in the range of 3 to10 ms, and in other embodiments can be in the range of 4 to 8 ms. Thepeak current ends after the time period T1 (at point B) and is thenramped down (1924) relative slowly for a second predetermined timeperiod T2. The time period T2 can be in the range of 10 to 35 ms, and insome exemplary embodiments the time period T2 is in the range of 15 to25 ms. After the expiration of the time period the current is at levelC, which is in the range of 150 to 250 amps, and in another embodimentis in the range of 175 to 225 amps. In other exemplary embodiments, thecurrent level at the point C is in the range of 55 to 75% of the peakcurrent level 1923. In other exemplary embodiments, the current level atC is in the range of 60 to 70% of the level at peak 1923. It is notedthat in other embodiments, the controller can use a predetermined timeperiod for the duration to point C that begins at 1923, such thatessentially two timers are going at the same time, where one is for thefirst time period to time T1, and the other goes from point 1923 topoint C. That is, in some exemplary embodiments, a new time period neednot be started at point B to count from B to C. Such systems andcounters/timers are known and need not be described herein.

After point C, at the end of the period T2, the current is dropped to alow current level 1925, or shut off to ensure that the end of theconsumable makes contact with the puddle at a relatively consistentfrequency. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the current level isdropped to be in the range of 0 to 50 amps. In other exemplaryembodiments, the current level is reduced to be in the range of 20 to 40amps. This low current level promotes contact between the consumable andthe puddle to create a short. With the above current waveform a largedroplet is formed with a high level of heat to allow for improvedperformance in high wire feed speed welding operations. Also, the aboveprocess provides for improved penetration in a short circuit transfertype welding operation.

In exemplary embodiments of the above invention, each of the times T1and T2, and the various discussed current levels can be selected by thepower supply controller based on user input information, including (butnot limited to) wire feed speed, consumable size, consumable type,desired power/energy input, as well as other possible factors. Thecontroller can use a state table, look up table, etc. to determine eachof the parameters for the waveform based on user input data. Further, insome embodiments the wire reversal discussed above with regarding toFIG. 18 can be implemented with embodiments of the waveform shown inFIG. 19.

It is noted that the welding system and circuitry as disclosed anddiscussed herein can implement any of the waveforms, and embodimentsthereof, discussed herein.

While the claimed subject matter of the present application has beendescribed with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understoodby those skilled in the art that various changes may be made andequivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of theclaimed subject matter. In addition, many modifications may be made toadapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the claimedsubject matter without departing from its scope. Therefore, it isintended that the claimed subject matter not be limited to theparticular embodiment disclosed, but that the claimed subject matterwill include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A welding system, comprising: a welding powerconverter configured to receive an input power and output a weldingwaveform to a welding electrode for a welding operation on a workpiece;a short circuit detection circuit which detects a short circuit eventbetween said welding electrode and said workpiece and detects a shortclearing event between said welding electrode and said workpiece; and acontroller having a timer, where said timer begins timing at thedetection of said short clearing event, where said controller times afirst duration and a second duration using said timer, wherein saidwelding waveform comprises: a short circuit clearing portion which isinitiated after detection of said short circuit event; an arc generationportion which is initiated after detection of said short clearing event,where said arc generation portion has a peak current which is maintainedfor said first duration, and a downward-sloping background current thatimmediately follows the peak current, wherein the background current ismaintained until expiration of said second duration, and at theexpiration of said second duration is in a range of 55 to 75% of thepeak current, and a short promotion portion which promotes contactbetween said welding electrode and said workpiece, where said shortpromotion portion is initiated upon the expiration of said secondduration and has a lower current level than the background current, andthe lower current level is sufficient to ensure the contact between saidwelding electrode and said workpiece, wherein the short promotionportion immediately precedes a further short circuit clearing portion ofa subsequent welding waveform, and wherein a peak current level of theshort circuit clearing portion is greater than the peak current of thearc generation portion.
 2. The welding system of claim 1, wherein saidpeak current level of the short circuit clearing portion is in the rangeof 300 to 600 amps.
 3. The welding system of claim 1, wherein a currentlevel at a transition from said short circuit clearing portion to saidarc generation portion is in the range of 0 to 75 amps.
 4. The weldingsystem of claim 1, wherein said peak current of said arc generationportion is in the range of 250 to 300 amps.
 5. The welding system ofclaim 2, wherein said peak current of said arc generation portion is inthe range of 60 to 85% of the said peak current level of said shortcircuit clearing portion.
 6. The welding system of claim 1, wherein saidfirst duration is in the range of 3 to 10 ms.
 7. The welding system ofclaim 1, wherein said first duration is in the range of 4 to 8 ms. 8.The welding system of claim 1, wherein said second duration is in therange of 10 to 35 ms.
 9. The welding system of claim 1, wherein saidsecond duration is in the range of 15 to 25 ms.
 10. The welding systemof claim 1, wherein a current level at the expiration of said secondduration is in the range of 175 to 225 amps, and wherein a current levelduring said short promotion portion is in the range of 0 to 50 amps. 11.The welding system of claim 1, wherein a current level at the expirationof said second duration is in the range of 55 to 75% of said peakcurrent of said arc generation portion.
 12. The welding system of claim1, wherein a current level during said short promotion portion is in therange of 0 to 50 amps.
 13. The welding system of claim 1, wherein thecontroller determines the first duration and the second duration basedon one or more of: a user-input wire feed speed of the weldingelectrode, a user-input size of the welding electrode, and a userinput-type of the welding electrode.